Read Harder Recommendations Books About Comics

Read Harder Recommendations Books About Comics The Panels 2015 Read Harder Challenge consists of 26 challenge categories spanning the breadth and depth of all things that may be considered comics. Every week we’ll give you reading recommendations from one of the categories. Books about comics are one of my favorite things! When I was in school I studied comics and was absolutely thrilled that I could make a living digging through these books that I love so much. Along the way I had to read more than my share of academic, technical, historical, and general non-fiction books about comics, and they enlightened me in ways I hadnt expected. If were keeping it  real, theres also an element of interpretation to this particular theme. Who says a book about comics has to be non-fiction? There are plenty of novels about comics, or maybe more accurately, novels that include comics as a plot element. Well throw a couple of those in as well. Understanding Comics, Reinventing Comics, and Making Comics  by Scott McCloud This series of illustrated books  is one of the first suggestions on most comics lovers lips. By illustrating his points through comics illustrations, these volumes delve into the ways sequential art  functions, how we perceive it, and the ways storytelling happens in comics. Not to mention history and the general art of cartooning. Andi Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters and the Birth of the Comic Book by Gerard Jones If you’re one of the many nonfiction readers fascinated by the history and origins of everyday things, check out this absorbing look at the early days of the American comic book industry. Jones chronicles the careers of luminaries like Will Eisner and Jack Kirby, but he’s just as interested in the businessmen who saw the potential of the superhero genre and the weird, improbable ways that they sold the phenomenon to the world. I read this book early in my acquaintance with superhero comics, and this look at their place in history and culture did a lot to fuel my interest in the genre.   Caroline Pruett Reading Comics: How Graphic Novels Work and What They Mean by Douglas Wolk If you like smart, provocative, sometimes frustrating but always engaging criticism, try this book from the New York Times comics critic. Particularly worthwhile are the essays focused on individual creators. Wolk is really good at talking about why he likes the things he likes (as opposed to many critics who only shine when theyre taking something apart â€"  a more flashy but ultimately less useful skill). Thats not to say that this is just a cheerleading section. Even regarding the creators he admits are favorites (notably Alan Moore and Grant Morrison) Wolk candidly discusses the things that dont work as well as the things that do. The range of works he talks about is impressive â€"  from Love and Rockets to Watchmen to Marv Wolfmans run on Tomb of Dracula  â€" and while he insists this isnt meant to be any kind of reading list, he may well help add some items to your list. Caroline Pruett Kirby: King of Comics by Mark Evanier Jack “King” Kirby was one of the best. He was one of the fathers of the modern comic book, transforming the medium from an offshoot of comic strips into its own artform. He’s also one of the men behind such classic characters as Captain America, The New Gods, The X-Men, and The Incredible Hulk. Evanier created this book to celebrate this titan of the industry, a story told mostly through visuals, which is apt since Kirby was primarily an artist. Reading through Kirby: King of Comics, one cannot help but see the influence his work still has in every comic book published to this day. Chris Arnone Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture Published as a companion piece for the PBS documentary “Superheroes: A Never Ending Battle,” Superheroes! goes through a history not only of comics, but the whole idea of superheroes. The comics form and format, however, are a central focus in the majority of the chapters, and we get to see the development of superheroes from pre-Superman days through the current Avengers franchise. This is a book that is great in multiple formats; the audiobook features sound bytes from interviews featured in the documentary. The physical copy, however, is chock full of magnificent images that highlight the full history of superheroes over nearly a century. I listened to the audiobook first, but was determined to acquire it in print. It’s pretty. Jessica Pryde Other suggestions from Andi: The Secret History of Wonder Woman by Jill Lepore Alternative Comics: An Emerging Literature by Charles Hatfield Other suggestions from Caroline: The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How It Changed America by David Hajdu Supergods: What Masked Vigilantes, Miraculous Mutants, and a Sun God from Smallville Can Teach Us About Being Human by Grant Morrison Marvel Comics: The Untold Story by Sean Howe Superman: The Unauthorized Biography by Glen Weldon Chicks Dig Comics: A Celebration of Comic Books by the Women Who Love Them was co-edited by Panelteer Sigrid Ellis and contains work by Sigrid, Jennifer Smith, and Caroline Pruett Other Recommendations and Resources: Wikipedia has a whole category for this topic! Eight Great Books About Comic Books Wikipedia also has an extensive list of novels based on comics. Three Novels for Comics Lovers (Other Than Kavalier and Clay) from right here at Panels ____________________ Follow us on Instagram for more comics fun. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis - 1339 Words

Sigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived and worked for the better part of his life. In 1881, Feud attained his medical degree from the University of Vienna and proceeded to practice as qualified physician at the Vienna General Hospital. During the early years of his career, Freud conducted extensive researches on microscopic neuroanatomy, aphasia, and cerebral palsy. Considering himself a scientist rather than a doctor, Sigmund Freud established a private practice and started treating various psychological disorders. In his early practice, he obtained influence from other psychoanalysts, most notably Josef Breuer, who nurtured him into one of the most popular figures in the world of psychology. Through his practice and theories, Freud helped the global society to shape its perception on a number of issues including therapy, sexuality, personality, memory, and childhood. Among the theories developed by Sigmund Freud are the defense mechanism; the conscious and unconscious mind, the psychosexual development; the Id, Ego, andShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis2367 Words   |  10 Pages Sigmund Freud created psychoanalysis, a system through which an expert unloads oblivious clashes in light of the free affiliations, dreams and dreams of the patient. Psychoanalytic hypothesis is a strategy for exploring and treating identity issue and is utilized as a part of psychotherapy. Included in this hypothesis is the way to go that things that happen to individuals amid adolescence can add to the way they later capacity as grown-ups (Gay, 1998). Freud s psychodynamic methodology has promptedRead MoreSigmund Freud s Psychoanalysis Theory2380 Words   |  10 Pages Contemporaries of Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory Kevin Stout Florida Institute of Technology Abstract Sigmund Freud created psychoanalysis, a system through which an expert unloads oblivious clashes in light of the free affiliations, dreams and dreams of the patient. Psychoanalytic hypothesis is a strategy for exploring and treating identity issue and is utilized as a part of psychotherapy. Included in this hypothesis is the way to go that things that happenRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1413 Words   |  6 PagesEver since Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis theory, its applicability has been extended beyond therapy to literature. In the interpretation of dreams, Sigmund Freud coins the term the oedipus complex in reference to the greek mythology of Oedipus the king. The application of psychoanalysis to myth is treated by Dowden with scepticism and he states that the only significance of the psychoanalytic approach is in its recognition of how fundamental the images that recur in the myth are (DowdenRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1258 Words   |  6 Pages Sigmund Freud’s grand theory of Psychoanalysis was developed in the 19th century. He especially worked to prove that childhood events had a great and powerful impact on the teenage and adult mind in later years to come. Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in 1939. He had a great desire to find treatment for psychopathology that all began with a great deal of time spent at Theodor Meynert’s Psychiatric Clinic. His time spent here was what created his desire to help people and find new ways toRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pages Freud’s theological perspective was termed Psychoanalysis. Freud believed people unconsciously repressed information, and that this hidden information was the cause of their distress. The unconscious is the space in your brain where thoughts, feelings, and desires are tucked away, and cannot be readily drawn upon and available to the conscious mind. Because 99% of this method ology is dealing with the unconscious, Freud believed that success could not be reached by the individual alone, rather theyRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theories About Psychoanalysis And The Unconscious Mind1003 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology, 5th Block Sigmund Freud s Theories about Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud was well known for his theories on psychoanalysis, and it was used to help understand the unconscious mind better. In Freud s lifetime, he grew to be a very influential person of the twentieth century. The western society still uses words that he introduced in his time, some are libido, repression, denial, and neurotic. He was the founding father of the theory of psychoanalysis, which explains humanRead MoreThe Power Of Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe power of Sigmund Freud’s theory Sigmund Freud was a great philosopher who predicted and came up with theories that are widely used in todays society. He is often referred to the father of psychoanalysis as he was one of the first people to analyze the human mind. He separated the human mind into three parts which help further explain the theory of psychoanalysis. The first part is known as the id, it is the part of the mind that deals with instincts. It is the unconscious part of the mindRead MoreHistorical Background Of Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis774 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Background Sigmund Freud dedicated the majority of his time on this earth to mainly covering his theory of psychoanalysis. He did not however have a lot of patience from contemporaries who diverged from his psychoanalytic principles. He attempted to keep control over the movement by expelling those who dared to disagree. Carl Jung and Alfred Alder, for example, worked closely with Freud, but each founded his own therapeutic school after repeated disagreements with Freud on theoretical andRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychoanalysis On The Unconscious Phases Of Personality Development1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of Psychoanalysis In the early 1800s, Psychologist and researchers were fervent in postulating and hypothesizing. Searching earnestly for answers to the many questions that were prevalent in those days. The theory of Psychoanalysis was one of such theory that was founded. Psychoanalysis emphases on the unconscious phases of personality development. The main tenets of this theory are characterized into four subsections. Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important inRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1283 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud (1856-1939), is a pioneer in the field of psychology in various ways. His dedication to his field helped shape the minds of many nineteen-century contemporary schools of thought. Most notably, Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory, according to Tan (2011) earned him the title of, â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (p. 322). Moreover, Tan Taykeyesu (2011) report that Freud’s genius is not just in psychoanalysis, but also when we â€Å"think Oedipus complex, infantile sexuality, and repression†

Moral Relativism Morality And War - 879 Words

Moral Relativism Debate Moral relativism is the idea that there is no absolute moral standard that is applicable to any person at any place at any given time. It suggests that there are situations in which certain behavior that would normally be considered â€Å"wrong† can actually be considered â€Å"right†. Moral relativism has played an increasingly significant role in today’s society, particularly regarding the differences between the countries of the world. This essay will summarize and explain both arguments in favor of and against moral relativism. Despite what many relativists believe, the arguments against are not only stronger, but also more accurate. Before diving into the arguments for and against moral relativism, it is important to define some key terms including morality, cultural diversity, and tolerance. David Fisher, a Teaching Fellow at King’s College, London defines morality in his book, Morality and War: Can War Be Just in the Twenty-f irst Century?. â€Å"Morality is thus neither mysterious nor irrational but furnishes the necessary guidelines for how we can promote human welfare and prevent suffering† (Fisher 134). Cultural diversity is simply the existence of various cultures in society. Tolerance is just the ability to accept something that you would not normally agree with. The two most prominent arguments for moral relativism include the argument of cultural diversity as well as the argument of tolerance. When it comes to cultural diversity, relativists argueShow MoreRelatedAn Overview Of The Ethical1407 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy of utilitarianism. The basic idea is that morality is determined based upon what is the greatest good for the greatest number of people. ØïÆ'Ëœ Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the â€Å"Categorical Imperative. ØïÆ'Ëœ Edward Westermarck (1862-1939) The ethical theory ethical relativism and moral beliefs are ultimately only based on emotion. Consequently, Westermarck concludes moral values cannot be objective since they originate inRead MoreCultural Universals1060 Words   |  5 Pagesa problem for moral relativism in this paper. I will begin by defining cultural universals (CU). Then, I will cite examples of such theory and continue by applying them to situations in which these similarities can be seen. Next, I will discuss how we can convince ourselves that a given standard of behavior is in fact a cultural universal. I will then define moral relativism as well as provide examples of cultural differences that are often cited in regards of moral relativism. Lastly, I willRead MoreEssay on The Ethical Dilemma of Defining Moral Absolutes1266 Words   |  6 Pagesand culturally diverse these same moral debates still linger in today’s society. Fundamentalist believe that ther e are absolute moral codes that apply to all societies. Inherently the fundamentalist view sounds like an ideal view that all cultures should respect. However, there are flaws in the fundamentalist views, who decides what is morally permissible and what is not. This is where the moral relativist view comes into play in an attempt to further define moral guidelines that are relative toRead MoreConflicting Moral Arguments : Louis Vaughn s Philosophy, Moral Relativism And Moral Objectivism872 Words   |  4 PagesConflicting Moral Arguments Louis Vaughn states that the purpose of morality is not to describe how things are, but to â€Å"prescribe how things should be† (2). In Philosophy, moral relativism and moral objectivism are two conflicting but somewhat overlapping school of thought. These beliefs govern the way an individual acts; they also decide the ethical guidelines from which the law is written. In this essay we will delineate the differences between the two sects of belief. Pojman asserts that manyRead More Louis Pojman`s Perspective of Morality 685 Words   |  3 Pagessome other things which are relatively right or wrong things. However, in our moral world, there do exist some rules that most of us would agree with and think it should be the moral thing such that everyone deserves to be respected. In this paper, I will discuss Louis Pojman`s perspective of view on the â€Å"Captive Pursuit†. In Louis Pojman`s â€Å"Who`s to Judge† article, he thinks that there do exist universally- accepted moral principles â€Å"based on a common human nature† and â€Å"a need to solve conflicts ofRead MoreChoosing Right From Wrong: An Examination of Three Points From The Good Society990 Words   |  4 Pagesof which is an example of relativism. Relativism makes reference to several opinions while moral relativism alleges morality is not built around a conclusive model. This paper will discuss three of the four points made in Lenn Goodman’s article â€Å"The Good Society†, published by Penn State University Press in regards to slavery, polygamy, and incest; genocide, famine, and germ warfare; terrorism, hostage taking, and child warriors. The article by Goodman, â€Å"Some Moral Minima†, discussed the equalityRead MoreCultural Ethical Relativism : Cultural Relativism1186 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that morality is dependent on the culture the individual is involved with. While physical laws are universally accepted, morals are objective depending on where someone lives or who they grew up around. Furthermore, morality is formed based on the history of political and social instances in cultural ethical relativism. This theory of cultural ethical relativism is widely accepted throughout the world. It is so popular because there is empirical evidence that shows that culture’s morals differRead MoreEthical Relativism And The Norms Of One s Culture807 Words   |  4 PagesEthical relativism is the theory that holds morality relative to the norms of one s culture. Meaning, whether an action is right or wrong will depend on the moral norms of that society in which you reside. Though some actions may be vi ewed right in one society, it does not mean it will be morally right in another. I take the view of an ethical relativist, where there is no universal moral standards. I believe this because morality is constantly changing. Society’s beliefs, values and ideas areRead MoreCultural Relativism Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesCultural relativism, pioneered in 1906 by sociologist William Graham Sumner, introduces the idea that there is no universal code of ethics. In The Challenge of Cultural Relativism, written by James Rachels, Rachels explains and challenges the ideas presented by Sumner in cultural relativism. Rachels explains, Cultural relativism is the doctrine that all moral values derive entirely from individual cultural codes, and that there are no objective, independently correct moral values. In other wordsRead MoreCultural Relativism Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagescultural relativism is an acceptable theory to adhere to. A society is a collective group of people who are either figuratively or literally aggregated together. There are many societies, sub-societies, and communities that are overlapping. At the same time, every living individual in the world makes up an umbrella society or community that constructs the present-day society. In â€Å"The Challenge of Cultural Relativism,† James Rachels claims that there are consequences to accepting cultural relativism, but

International Maritime Organization Free Essays

Structure International Maritime Organization (IMO) is an agency in the United Nations that is responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine pollution. The IMO is broken up into an Assembly, a Council and five other committees: Maritime Safety Committee, Marine Environment Protection Committee, Legal Committee, Technical Co-operation Committee, and the Facilitation Committee. The Assembly is the overseer of the Organization, it consists of member states (countries that have adopted the IMO) and meets once every two years. We will write a custom essay sample on International Maritime Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also responsible for voting the budget and determining the financial status of the Organization. The Council is elected by the Assembly for a two term period. It consists of ten countries with the largest interest in providing international shipping services, ten countries with the largest interest in international seaborne trade, and twenty countries which have special interests in maritime navigation. Their functions are to co-ordinate the activities of the Committees and receive reports and proposals from the Committees and submit them to the Assembly. They also appoint the Secretary General of the IMO which currently is Koji Sekimizu (Japan) and enter into agreements about their connections with other Organizations. The Maritime Safety Committee’s functions are to consider matter relating to aids of navigation, construction and equipment of vessels, rules of the road, handling of dangerous cargo, maritime safety procedures, marine casualty investigations, and more. The Marine Environment Protection Committee determines any matter that controls the prevention and pollution of ships. It especially makes regulations to ensure their enforcement. The Legal Committee deals with all legal matters within the IMO. The Technical Co-operation Committee considers matters that implement the IMO as the executive Organization in the technical co-operation field. The Facilitation Committee eliminates unnecessary regulations in international shipping, by implementing all aspects of the Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic. History of the IMO When IMO was adopted in 1948 its first task was to make a new version of SOLAS. The first task was the biggest and so far most important the IMO has had to deal with. After SOLAS, it focused on maritime traffic, load lines, and pollution. Pollution has recently become the major focus of the IMO and in response to the pollution issue created the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. In 1988 GMDSS was adopted so now a ship in distress anywhere in the world can be guaranteed assistance. The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) improved standards and gave IMO power to check Government actions and record all of this information. Cite: www. imo. org How to cite International Maritime Organization, Essays

Left000Common Snapping Turtles Essays - Cryptodira, Pantestudines

left000Common Snapping Turtles Chelydra serpentine 3764915103115100Description: Common Snapping Turtles have a shell that covers their back its about 8 and 18 1/2 inches long. The shell color ranges from dark brown to tan and can even be black. As a snapping turtle grows, the shell often gets covered with mud and algae. Their necks, legs, and tails have a yellowish color and the head is dark. A snapping turtle's mouth is shaped like a strong, bony beak with no teeth. Their skin is rough with characteristic bumps. The feet are webbed and have strong claws. Habitat: Its natural range extends from southeasternCanada, southwest to the edge of the Rocky Mountains, as far east as Nova Scotia,andFlorida. The common snapping turtle inhabits a wide rangeof water bodies from rivers and lakes to temporary pondsand marshes However; this species tends to show a preference for slow-moving waterways that have a sandy or soft mudbottom and an abundance of aquatic vegetation. Diet: As omnivores, snapping turtles feed on plants, insects, spiders, worms, fish, frogs, small turtles, snakes, birds, crayfish, small mammals, and carrion. Plant matter accounts for about a third of the diet. Hibernation: Snapping Turtlesusually enter hibernationby late October and emerge sometime between March and May, depending on latitude and temperature. To hibernate, they burrow into the debris or mud bottom of ponds or lakes, settle beneath logs, or retreat into muskrat burrows or lodges. Reproduction: Sexual maturity has more to do with size than age. Turtles are ready to mate when their shell measures about 8 inches. Snapping turtles rarely leave their aquatic habitat except during the breeding season, at which time females travel great distances in search of a place to dig a nest and lay eggs. Some turtles have been found as far as a mile from the nearest water source. Selected nest sites include banks, lawns, gardens, road embankments, and sometimes muskrat burrows. One clutch of eggs is laid in May or June. With powerful hind legs, the female digs a shallow bowl-shaped nest in a well-drained, sunny location. Over a period of several hours, she lays approximately 20 to 40 creamy white, ping-pong ball-sized eggs. Endangered: They are not endangered, and you can legally have one as long as the turtle was not born in the wild. It is however illegal to sell wild turtles.

Tiger Facts

Tiger Facts Tigers (Panthera tigris) are the largest and most powerful of all cats. They are extremely agile despite their large size. Tigers are capable of leaping 26 to 32 feet in a single bound. They are also among the most recognizable of cats due to their distinct orange coat, black stripes, and white markings.   Tigers are native to South and Southeast Asia, China and the Russian Far East, though their habitat and numbers have dwindled rapidly. Fast Facts: Tiger Scientific Name: Panthera tigrisCommon Name: TigerBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: 3–3.5 feet tall at shoulders, 4.6–9.2 feet long including head and body, 2–3 feet tail lengthWeight: 220–675 pounds depending on sub-species and genderLifespan: 10–15 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  South and Southeast Asia, China and the Russian Far East.Population:  3,000–4,500  Conservation  Status:  Endangered Description Tigers vary in color, size, and markings according to their subspecies. Bengal tigers, which inhabit the forests of India, have the quintessential tiger appearance, with a dark orange coat, black stripes, and a white underbelly. Siberian tigers, the largest of all the tiger subspecies, are lighter in color and have a thicker coat that enables them to brave the harsh, cold temperatures of the Russian taiga. Gannet77/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Tigers historically occupied a range that stretched from the eastern part of Turkey to the Tibetan plateau, Manchuria and the Sea of Okhotsk. Today, tigers occupy only about seven percent of their former range. More than half of the remaining wild tigers live in the forests of India. Smaller populations remain in China, Russia, and parts of Southeast Asia. Tigers inhabit a wide range of habitats such as lowland evergreen forests, taiga, grasslands, tropical forests, and mangrove swamps. They generally require habitat with covers such as forests or grasslands, water resources, and enough territory to support their prey. Diet Tigers are carnivores. They are nocturnal hunters that feed on large prey such as deer, cattle, wild pigs, rhinoceroses, and elephants. They also supplement their diet with smaller prey such as birds, monkeys, fish, and reptiles. Tigers also feed on carrion. Behavior Tigers are solitary, territorial cats. They occupy a home range that is generally between 200 and 1000 square kilometers. Females occupying smaller home ranges than males. Tigers often create several dens within their territory. They are not water-fearing cats; in fact, they are adept swimmers capable of crossing moderately sized rivers. As a result, water rarely poses a barrier to them. Tigers are among only four species of great cats that are capable of roaring. Reproduction and Offspring Tigers reproduce sexually. Although they are known to mate year-round, breeding usually peaks between November and April. Their gestation period is 16 weeks. A litter usually consists of between three to four cubs which are raised alone by the mother; the father plays no role in the upbringing. Tiger cubs generally leave their den with their mother at about 8 weeks old and are independent at 18 months. They stay with their mothers, however, for over two years. 4FR/Getty Images Conservation Status Tigers are listed as an endangered species. Fewer than 3,200 tigers remain in the wild. More than half of those tigers live in the forests of India. The primary threats facing tigers include poaching, habitat loss, dwindling prey populations. Although protected areas have been established for tigers, illegal killings still take place mainly for their skins and use in traditional Chinese medical practices. Although most of their historical range has been destroyed, research suggests tigers living in the Indian sub-continent are still genetically strong. This indicates that, with appropriate conservation and protection in place, tigers do have the capacity to rebound as a species. In India, it is illegal to shoot tigers or trade in their skins or other body parts. Subspecies There are five subspecies of tigers alive today and every one of these subspecies is classified as endangered. The five subspecies of tigers include Siberian tigers, Bengal tigers, Indochinese tigers, South China tigers, and Sumatran tigers. There are also three additional subspecies of tigers that have gone extinct during the past sixty years. The extinct subspecies include Caspian tigers, Javan tigers,  and Bali tigers. Tigers and Humans Human beings have been fascinated by tigers for millennia. Tiger images first appeared as a cultural symbol nearly 5,000 years ago in the area now known as Pakistan. Tigers were part of the games in the Roman Colosseum.While tigers can and will attack a human being if they are threatened or unable to find food elsewhere, tiger attacks are relatively rare. Most man-eating tigers are older or incapacitated, and thus unable to chase down or overpower larger prey. Evolution Modern cats first appeared about 10.8 million years ago. The ancestors of tigers, along with those of jaguars, leopards, lions, snow leopards, and clouded leopards, split off from the other ancestral cat lineages early in the evolution of the cat family and today form what is known as the Panthera lineage. Tigers shared a common ancestor with snow leopards that lived about 840,000 years ago. Sources â€Å"Basic Facts About Tigers.†Ã‚  Defenders of Wildlife, 10 Jan. 2019, defenders.org/tiger/basic-facts.â€Å"Tiger Facts.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 2 Aug. 2015, www.nationalgeographic.com.au/animals/tiger-facts.aspx.â€Å"Where Do Tigers Live? And Other Tiger Facts.†Ã‚  WWF, World Wildlife Fund.

Heat of Formation Worked Example Problem

Heat of Formation Worked Example Problem Heat of formation is the enthalpy change that occurs when a pure substance forms from its elements under conditions of constant pressure. These are worked example problems calculating the heat of formation. Review The symbol for the standard heat of formation (also known as the standard enthalpy of formation) is ΔHf or ΔHf ° where: Δ indicates a change H indicates enthalpy, which is only measured as a change, not as an instantaneous value  ° indicates a thermal energy (heat or temperature) f means formed or that a compound is being formed from its component elements You may wish to review the Laws of Thermochemistry and endothermic and exothermic reactions before you begin. Tables are available for heats of formation of common compounds and ions in aqueous solution. Remember, heat of formation will tell you whether heat was absorbed or released and the quantity of heat. Problem 1 Calculate ΔH for the following reaction: 8 Al(s) 3 Fe3O4(s) → 4 Al2O3(s) 9 Fe(s) Solution ΔH for a reaction is equal to the sum of the heats of formation of the product compounds minus the sum of the heats of formation of the reactant compounds: ΔH ÃŽ £ ΔHf products - ÃŽ £ ΔHf reactants Omitting terms for the elements, the equation becomes: ΔH 4 ΔHf Al2O3(s) - 3 ΔHf Fe3O4(s) The values for ΔHf may be found in the Heats of Formation of Compounds table. Plugging in these numbers: ΔH 4(-1669.8 kJ) - 3(-1120.9 kJ) ΔH -3316.5 kJ Answer ΔH -3316.5 kJ Problem 2 Calculate ΔH for the ionization of hydrogen bromide: HBr(g) → H(aq) Br-(aq) Solution ΔH for a reaction is equal to the sum of the heats of formation of the product compounds minus the sum of the heats of formation of the reactant compounds: ΔH ÃŽ £ ΔHf  products - ÃŽ £ ΔHf  reactants Remember, the heat of formation of H  is zero. The equation becomes: ΔH ΔHf  Br-(aq) - ΔHf  HBr(g) The values for ΔHf  may be found in the Heats of Formation of Compounds of Ions  table. Plugging in these numbers: ΔH -120.9 kJ - (-36.2 kJ) ΔH -120.9 kJ 36.2 kJ ΔH -84.7 kJ Answer ΔH -84.7 kJ